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27 Best Writing Books Images

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27 Best Writing Books Images

27 Best Writing Books Images EssayHub has proven its commitment to serving college students. It has accumulated educational writing expertise and experience from hundreds of accomplished orders, striving to reach perfection in this subject. Our writers are strongly advised to not proceed with borrowed ideas and copy-pasted phrases except they're relevant and properly referenced. If you resolve to cope with us, you should anticipate 100% unique content material. It signifies that the order may be revised free of charge, for 2 weeks after the deadline if it didn’t meet the initial instructions. Because miscommunication occurs however it would not stop us from delivering great works. Using this writing service is authorized and is not prohibited by any college/college insurance policies. Our operations are legally documented, we are simply accessible online and offline, and you may always contact us in case you have any questions. Keep track of your order's progress by staying in contact with your writer or contacting our help team at any time, 24/7. Our writers are an old hand at proper referencing and can simply cope with MLA / APA / Harvard / Chicago / Turabian or any other formatting fashion. We full all assignments from scratch, which are not connected to any essay databases. In addition, earlier than sending your paper to you, we examine it for plagiarism to make sure it has no copy-pasted parts. Every EssayHub’s online essay helper is able to dig deep into any given subject and complete assignments of any complexity stage for you. Customer Feedback on EssayHub Essay Writing Help Services. Here are a number of trusted customer reviews on our essay helper left by our verified purchasers and picked up from impartial platforms corresponding to Trustpilot and Sitejabber. Our group is able to work as soon as they get ‘assist to put in writing an essay’ request from you. Just after you place your order within the system, we immediately begin doing magic for you. We fastidiously examine every paper for plagiarism earlier than submitting it to a shopper. If you order from Ox Essays you'll be able to be sure that your papers shall be delivered on time. Simply evaluate it and when you’re happy with it, click on approve and you may obtain your paper instantly. Mastery and huge knowledge of our writers is one thing we take delight in. However, there are also other strengths we offer to your attention that help our writers handle your requests quick, accurately, and with care. Creative writing is my ardour and that includes everything from e-book/film evaluations to article writing and admission essays. I am a perfectionist and subsequently, I can not help but writing each essay within the excellent quality and formatting is a must for me. Get a free quote and select the best essay author. Have you ever seen qualified writers who work quick and for low charges? Our customized writing firm has been working for more than 12 years and always puts quality and clients’ wants first. Your writer will receive a payment only after your confirmation of the particular part of your paper. When the writers finish the work, they ship the completed task to the shopper's mail for verification. And if you have some questions, we are going to gladly reply them. In case of any mistake, we are going to take the work for revision absolutely at no cost. The entire staff strives to fulfill all possible objectives together with your order strictly within the time specified. EssayHub is absolutely legal and supplies instructional providers complying with all applicable rules and requirements. We always ensure our clients get help with an essay that's fully legit and up to the very best standards. EssayHub does not tolerate plagiarism of any type. Learners may be penalised if composed essay include traces of similarity. Our authors double-examine to make sure non-plagiarised supply of service. Our rates are very affordable with a comparison to our quality of service. Our competitors could have low-cost expenses, however they can not match our calibre. Contact our UK help staff via chat or call for details on available discounted presents.

Sommali Women and Diabetes - Free Essay Example

Since the early 2000s, Maine has seen quite a substantial rise in immigrant and refugee population growth. To put it into perspective, the total population in Portland, Maine between 2000 to 2010 had increased only by 3% while the racial and ethnic minority population in Portland had increased by 80% (____). Maine has typically admitted a large percentage of its refugees from heavily Muslim populated countries like Somalia and Iraq but as of recent, with the immigrant policies and bans being enforced by the Trump administration, it has significantly lessened the numbers of people entering America overall. Nonetheless, with migration brings an increased susceptibility to chronic diseases like diabetes, especially for Somali women. Somali women The relationship between migration and diabetes can be examined through the refugee and immigrant experience of acculturation to their host country. And as a result, health-related factors like obesity, dietary acculturation, physical inactivity and lack of access or utilization of modern health services become strong causal determinants for this public health issue. On top of the predisposition to having insulin resistance many migrants in non-Western countries have risen in conditions of poverty and their bodies have been ?programmed to tackle hunger and starvation. The result is that later in life, when exposed to the obesogenic environment of the country of immigration (high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle), they are particularly prone to stock energy reserves and thereby gain weight (Montesi). This is especially true for Somali immigrants as majority of them are refugees fleeing from their country that is still amidst a civil war today. On top of this predisposition to gaining weight, adjusting their dietary habits is another main concern. The traditional Somali diet is centered around pasta, rice, other carbs, meat, camel and goat milk, and tea with a lot of sugar. Its not the most balanced diet but when combined with a more sedentary lifestyle than the lifestyle they knew in Africa, it can lead straight to obesity and diabetes. A sedentary lifestyle is common and convenient especially when the wintery Maine climate, lack of motivation and time are barriers to getting active but according to a focus group study on Somali women and their views on physical activity, these barriers in addition to tradition and religion hold Somali women back. These obstacles originate from their steadfast following of the Islamic faith. According to Somali customs, wearing revealing and skin-tight Westernized clothing when males are present is forbidden, haram. So the traditional Somali clothing for women is a full-length dress and a hijab which is difficult to get active in (Gerthi). Whether it is done deliberately or not, differences in socioeconomic status and barriers formed by the culture of medicine and healthcare in America put ethnic minorities like Somalis at a higher risk of being under-treated. And even though the probability of developing a chronic disease is higher in foreign-born individuals, they are still more likely to not have their own health insurance coverage. Plus, many believe not making use of drugs and primary care services is a cheaper and healthier alternative yet underutilization of drugs and primary care services especially for the foreign-born can be anything but cost-effective. In fact, it would most likely produce higher hospitalization rates in the long run due to disease progression and other complications. Especially with Somali immigrants, there is a clear stigma associated to trusting anything related to modern science because of their strong cultural and religious beliefs. EXPAND All in all, more efforts should be made to positively encourage screening and treatment programs, to adapt education programs to specific cultures, and to grow community engagement. The social determinants of this public health problem are related to how resources are communicated and the advantages and disadvantages to which people are exposed. Certain populations experience consistently lower health statuses than others and require more attention to understand and relieve them of their health issues. Among these, immigrants and particularly refugees constitute a large group of people who have serious needs in regards to their health. Many refugees experience extreme hardship prior to and during flight from persecution, famine and war in their country of origin and continue to experience difficulties upon resettlement in a host country, all of which seriously affect their health status. FIX: linguistic factors (lack of communication and language barriers being a determinant in immigrant health) play a significant role in the understanding and self-management of diabetes in these populations. health care professionals whose ethnic backgrounds often differ from most of their immigrant patients are frequently unaware of communication barriers that make comprehension and adherence to medical treatments very difficult for immigrant groups FIX. And once again, Refugees and immigrants of every race and religion can be found in any region of the world. They give up everything they know in fear for their lives home, belongings and loved ones for an uncertain future in an unfamiliar land.

The First Modern President Of The United States - 1069 Words

The First Modern President of the United States: Theodore D. Roosevelt Some may wonder why Theodore Roosevelt would deserve the title â€Å"the First Modern President†. He accomplished many things, and although he was liked by most, he promised he would not run a second term. In his short four years as president, Theodore Roosevelt was able to pass many acts such as: Dolliver-Hepburn Railroad Act, Extension of Forest Reserve, National Irrigation Act, Improvement of waterways and reservation of waterpower sites, Safety Appliance Act, Employers’ Liability Act, Regulation of railroad employees’ hours of labor, Establishment of Department of Commerce and Labor, Pure Food and Drugs Act, and the Federal meat inspection. Theodore Roosevelt was born†¦show more content†¦Theodore Roosevelt’s mother also died the same day in the same house, he was brokenhearted and in misery leading him to temporarily leave politics and become a cattle rancher in the Dakota s. Two years later, he married his childhood friend, Edith Kermit Carow. They had a total of five children, four boys and a girl: Theodore Ted III (1887–1944), Kermit (1889–1943), Ethel (1891–1977), Archibald (1894–1979), and Quentin (1897–1918). Before being president, Theodore Roosevelt was many things: a member of the New York State Assembly, a U.S. Civil Service Commissioner, President of the New York City Police Board, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, and Vice President from March-September 1901 when he succeeded to the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt became president on September 14, 1901 after President McKinley was assassinated on September 6, 1901. He was the youngest president the nation had ever had; he was 42 years old. He served through most of the first decade of the 1900’s. He was determined to build a canal across the Panama. The United States helped Panama gain its freedom from Colombia. The U.S. then ma de a treaty with Panama to gain the canal zone for $10 million including annual payments. Theodore Roosevelt was very involved in foreign policy. He added the Roosevelt Corollary to the

Safety And Quality Practices In Australian Health Care †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Safety And Quality Practices In Australian Health Care. Answer: Introduction The outcome of the paper is the thorough literature review on the safety and quality practices in Australian health care for pricing and funding arrangements undertaken by the IHPA and commission. The aim of the assignment is to discuss the four funding models defined by Egar et al. (2013) as used by the public hospitals in Australia. Further, the system of the National Efficient price is critically discussed. In this regard, it is discussed as to how this system may provide an incentive to improve the health status of any selected segment of the Australian population. Funding models The four overarching models used by public hospitals in Australia, which are identified by the literature review of IHPA and commission are- Best practice pricing Normative pricing Quality structure pricing models Payment for performance or safety and quality pricing The Best practice pricing is the model that refers to use of the car pathways that are based on strong evidence. The best solution is for treatment of the particular health condition and for which the hospitals would be paid a set fee. Based on the best evidence, the price for implementing this model of care is decided and an additional incentive is paid. There is a limited literature evaluating the efficacy of this model as this scheme represents the value for money. In England, the health care system had implemented the scheme of Best Practice Tariffs. However, there is limited conclusive evidence except for the findings from the National Hip Fracture Database of UK (Eagar et al., 2013). As per the literature review by the IHPA on this model, the best practice pricing has modest gains with methodological inadequacies as evidence based care pathways can be implemented for limited conditions. Normative pricing is the system where the price is used to influence the outcomes of delivery of care. It may be used in certain cases such as incentivising the day surgeries or when there is a need of more home care nurses, for a particular disability or illness, or where the patient seeks residential care. Substantial improvement was noted by implementing this pricing system in the radiology area. There is a lack of conclusive evidence on the use of this pricing system due to uncertainty in determining the cost of implementing the new model (Eagar et al., 2013). In the Quality structure pricing models, the pricing or funding is linked with the meeting of the accreditation standards by the health care providers, participation in the safety improvement activities, quality registries, and clinical benchmarking. The aim of this system to increase savings, however, there might be high initial cost. The pricing or the funding may be high for accredited hospitals and then the non-accredited counterparts. There is strong evidence that this kind of funding system leads to improvement in quality and safety (Eagar et al., 2013). However, it lacks the direct measuring of patient outcomes. The Payment for performance is the funding model that refers to pushing the care providers to improve the quality and safety by behaving in certain manner. The model uses financial incentives for positive clinical outcomes or disincentives for poor services. It aims to encourage the service givers to increase the quality through rewards and penalty. There is a lack of evidence on beneficial outcomes from this scheme. However, in England an advancing quality initiative was taken and the results showed improvement in quality scores and reduction in short-term in-hospital mortality. It means there were few deaths due to heart failure or pneumonia (Eagar et al., 2013). National Efficient price In Australia, the National Efficient price or NEP is used for identifying the contribution of the commonwealth to public hospital funding. In this system each hospital will be paid a fixed fee for each episode of care. As per activity based funding, the contributions determined by IHPA to be paid by the Australian government is the approximately 40% of the public hospital funding. The commonwealth contribution may be influenced if IHPA builds any incentives into the model for quality and safety. In case any hospital is in deficit then expecting the states to fund the deficit will hamper the potential of NEP to improve efficiency (Eagar et al., 2013). Based on the literature review all the above mentioned funding models lack strong evidence in regards to their efficacy in improving the quality and safety of the health care services. Considering the grey literature, I agree that NEP may not be able to provide an incentive to improve the health status of any selected segment of the Australian population to a great extent. It is difficult to determine the level at which the scheme actually work or is critical (Downie, 2015). It is because it is difficult to identify the onset of health condition. The major limitation of NEP includes misallocation of resources in cases the set price does not reflect the relative cost-effectiveness of these services. Further, each hospital will have losses if they give care above the fixed price. Consequently, it may result in patient dumping, and recruitment of more enrolled nurses (Sheridan, 2016). Further, it is doubtful that the major changes will be stimulated in the public hospitals of Australia in regards to safety and quality. It because the funding for the public hospital is not directed to specific clinical departments within the hospitals or to the specific hospitals. It means to have any effect; there is a need of delivering the incentives to a level of the clinical department. Bu there are no rewards for quality (Eagar et al., 2013). Since some hospitals in rural areas have disadvantage. Therefore, there is a need of considering the potential for regional disparities to improve the quality of the health care to a great extent (Safetyandquality.gov.au, 2017). Although the activity based funding has the potential to make the functioning of the hospitals more efficient, there are flaws in the manner the scheme is designed. There is a chance that the flaws may negatively influence the potential cost savings. Eventually it will result in ineffective funding system and poor change in the quality of care (Eagar et al., 2013). If the providers find that the incentives are substantial then they might change the care pathways or behaviour. Otherwise the chances are less that the clinicians would respond to incentives. Further, there are chances that the pricing will only affect some aspects of care (Safetyandquality.gov.au, 2017). Thus the only way the NEP can secure efficiency gains by stimulating the change behaviour of the health professionals. References Downie, J. (2015). Possible options for introducing quality aspects in Activity-Based Funding pricing.BMC health services research,15(2), A2. Eagar, K., Sansoni, J., Loggie, C., Elsworthy, A., McNamee, J., Cook, R., Grootemaat, P. (2013). A literature review on integrating quality and safety into hospital pricing systems. Safetyandquality.gov.au. (2017).Supplementary Briefing and Literature Update Integrating safety and quality into hospital pricing systems.safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2017, from https://safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Supplementary-Briefing-and-literature-update-on-pricing-for-safety-and-quality3.pdf Sheridan, J. (2016).Activity Based Funding: The implications for Australian health policy(Master's thesis, University of Sydney).

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (820 words) - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452 on his father's estate in Vinci, Italy. He received his education on the estate until the age of fifteen. Which is when his father had noticed Leonardo's potential and had decided to send him to be an apprentice to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. There he studied sculpture and the mechanical arts. This was also when he first developed an interest in anatomy. In 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the painters' guild at Florence, where he remained for the next ten years. In 1482, Leonardo was hired by the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, to be artist and engineer in residence. During his stay in Milan, he started to compose a unified theory of the world and to illustrate it in a series of voluminous notebooks. Unfortunately due to his pursuit of scientific knowledge he had to leave many of his artistic creations unfinished. He stayed in Milan for seventeen years. There he completed six paintings: two portraits of the 'Last Supper', two versi ons of 'The Virgin of the Rocks', and a decorative ceiling painting in the Castello Sforzesco. Other paintings were either unfinished or have disappeared. In the early 1500's, Leonardo returned to his home city. In Florence, he was commissioned to do a number of paintings, but other interests and tasks kept him from finishing them. The most well known piece to survive from this time period was the famous Mona Lisa, which is now in the Louvre in Paris. For ten months during 1502, Leonardo served as military adviser and engineer. During the years 1513 to 1516, Leonardo was in Rome at the invitation of Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici, brother of Pope Leo X. Some of the greatest artists of the time were at work in Rome for the church. In May 1506 Charles d'Amboise, governor of Milan for the king of France, invited Leonardo to return to that city. His work in painting and sculpture over the next seven years remained mostly in the planning stage--in sketches that he drew but that never becam e paintings or statues--but his scientific work flourished. He continued his notebooks with observations and drawings of human anatomy, optics, mechanics, and botanical studies. He also did some sketches for a Medici residence in Florence that was never built. Otherwise he was lonely and unoccupied. Thus in 1516, at the age of 65, he accepted an invitation from Francis I, king of France, to leave Italy and work for him. Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the palace of Cloux, near the king's residence at Amboise, near Tours. He was given the title of first painter, architect, and mechanic of the King and given freedom of action in what he wanted to do. Although there are many great works of Leonardo Da Vinci that I could have chosen, I am going to choose the most obvious, the Mona Lisa. I chose this piece because the impact it had on the world. No matter where you go in the world, everyone knows of the Mona Lisa. The picture is on stamps; shirts; posters; cup; and just about anything else you can think of. It one of the most well renowned paintings in the world. Another reason I chose this piece is because of the mystery of the painting. To this day no one knows whether the woman in the painting was a real person, or whether is was Leonardo's vision of himself as a women. Another fact which makes it even more peculiar is that Leonardo always kept a log of the models which he had used, yet there is no record of who modeled for the Mona Lisa. Leonardo Da Vinci had a very strong influence over the world, artistically as well as scientifically. Leonardo devised plans for prototypes of an airplane and a helicopter. His extensive studies of human anatomy were portrayed in anatomical drawings, were among the most significant achievements of Renaissance Science. His remarkable illustrations of the human body elevated drawing into a means of scientific investigation and exposition and provided the basic principles for modern scientific illustration. He continued his notebooks with observations and drawings of human

20 Evaluation Essay Topics Hot Issues Related to the Spatial Order in Human Visual Perception

20 Evaluation Essay Topics Hot Issues Related to the Spatial Order in Human Visual Perception Welcome to our second guide where we reveal 20 topics on the spatial order in human visual perception. These topics give you a head-start to aid in writing your essay quickly. We have also included a sample essay on the spatial order in human visual perception which will assist you in writing a better article. After reading this guide, we highly recommend that you follow up with our third piece, academic guide for evaluation essay on the spatial order in human visual perception, which states how to outline and write an evaluation essay properly. You can also revisit our first guide, 10 facts on the spatial order in human visual perception, to understand the concept better. Without further ado, here are 20 topics on the spatial order in human visual perception: How Visual Perception Works Effect of Drinking Water on the Human Eye The Ability and Significance of Perceived Depth of a Scene Why Doesn’t Our Retina Detect the Color Red Why Human Eyes Perceive an Upside Down Image Why the Retina is Front-Back Inverted How Photoreceptors Are Really Activated Why Is Peripheral Vision of the Human Eye Extremely Low Resolution What Makes a Human See So Little in Darkness Why Do Humans See Everything in â€Å"Blue† When it Is Dark Reasons Why the Brain Splits and Distorts a Visual Image in Half Is Everyone’s Visual Perception the Same or Is it Different? Why Each of Our Eyes Can’t See Different Things Simultaneously Real Benefits of Having a Pair of Eyes The Functional Architecture of Human Visual Perception The Perception of Human Spatial Order Correlation of Human Visual Perception with The Principles of Gestalt The Geometry of Human Visual Perception Order-Disorder Transition of Human Visual Perception Sensitivity of the Human Visual System to Natural Image’s Local Statistics We’ve written a sample evaluation essay on one of the above topics so you can borrow a few ideas to better carve out your essay. Spatial Order Essay Example: The Ability and Significance to Perceive Depth of a Scene Human eyes have developed the ability to see and become aware of the distance of an object – this phenomenon is known as depth perception. It starts to develop in a child who’s not more than two months old. However, it takes two eyes to develop this phenomenon. When both of these eyes look at an object, they create two images simultaneously, which are a little different from one another. Depth perception is also responsible to form an idea of length, width and height of an object. This premise functions on a subconscious level and so quickly that we are not aware of the fact that it is actually happening. However, people with one eye might find depth perception very problematic – the phenomenon works ideally in binocular disparity (two-eyed normal vision). Neurological studies, however, suggest that the human brain has the capacity to manipulate depth of a scene with monocular vision (one eyed vision) too. Depth perception is created by a process known as stereopsis. This process enables the brain to overlap two images created by our eyes that are processed with information given by parallax – an effect that creates a distinction between close and background objects by slowing down background objects rather than the objects closer to our eyes. Having monocular vision still let us experience parallax, but it’s not as good as binocular vision. Depth perception is very important to keep us safe. It is the only reason that lets us know the distance of an object or how far an object is from us. Without this phenomenon taking place in our lives, it becomes very hard to differentiate between far and close objects. For example, if a person doesn’t have proper depth perception and a car is coming in his/her direction at a velocity of 200 km/h, he/she wouldn’t know how to judge the speed of the oncoming car and how far or close it is from him/her. Poor depth perception can lead to confusion during such dire situations which leads to high fatality risks. However, since our brain can manipulate depth perception, we can train ourselves to create depth of a scene through specific exercises. Scientists actually believe that depth perception is nothing more than a pseudo-3D effect that enables us to determine length, width and height of an object; and let us know how far or close an object is to us. However, our eyes are not capable of perceiving actual three dimensions when viewing objects. If we had real 3D perception, we would have been able to see an entire 3D object at once. But having a depth perception, even if it’s a pseudo effect, is very important to performing day to day tasks without any hindrances or running into accidents. This is the end of our second guide. Next up, we have a third guide which explains how to write an evaluation essay properly – it assists you in writing the perfect evaluation essay which will no doubt be the subject of admiration by your professors. References: Paul King, 2016 â€Å"Visual Perception: What are some mind blowing facts about the human eye?† Quora  https://www.quora.com/Visual-Perception-What-are-some-mind-blowing-facts-about-the-human-eye Paul King, 2012 â€Å"Why can’t we each of our eyes to see different things simultaneously?† Quora  https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-we-control-each-of-our-eyes-to-see-different-things-simultaneously Paul King, 2016 â€Å"Why do we have two eyes?† Quora  https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-have-two-eyes Steven Bradley, 2004 â€Å"Design Principles: Visual Perception and The Principles of Gestalt† Smashing Magazine  https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/03/design-principles-visual-perception-and-the-principles-of-gestalt/ Ãâ€"ÄŸmen, H., Herzog, M. H. (2010). The Geometry of Visual Perception: Retinotopic and Non-retinotopic Representations in the Human Visual System. Proceedings of the IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 98(3), 479–492. http://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2039028 Katkov, M., Harris, H., Sagi, D. (2015). Visual perception of order-disorder transition. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 734. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00734 Paul King, 2015 â€Å"How can we see images in our minds?† Quora  https://www.quora.com/How-can-we-see-images-in-our-minds

Threats and Opportunities of Colgate Company Coursework

Threats and Opportunities of Colgate Company - Coursework Example Colgate Company has managed to deal with the pressure of the external environment over time and this is attributed to the fact that the company has managed to stay alive in the market for the many years that it has. It was founded in 1880 and has continued to serve the world over the years. The company has had its fair share of Threats and Opportunities. It has handled its threats quite well to be able to survive to date. It has also seized all its opportunities quite effectively and hence survived in the market. One of the major opportunities that Colgate seized quite effectively is the huge market base that was unexploited. Any the time Colgate company was being coined in 1880, the world had seen very little of the oral health production industry. The world is such a wide base and in all corners of the world are individuals who have teeth that they need to take care of. Colgate Company took full advantage of this fact and set up its roots in all corners of the world. A vast unexplored market is a great opportunity for any business venture that needs to be exploited effectively. Colgate Company took full advantage of this great Opportunity that was naturally presented to it by the external environment. It employed great marketing strategies that hugely popularized its brand name Colgate. In fact, in several countries across the world, the brand name Colgate is used synonymously with the word toothpaste. One great threat that was presented by the external environment to Colgate Company is stiff competition from new coming products in the oral health industry. There are very many products that have been introduced in the industry in the resent days which have posed a great challenge to the survival of the firm. Some of these products are geared towards herbal medicine. Such products managed to convince several consumers in the market as it assured them of proper oral health care in a manner that is strictly natural and hence had no side effects absolutely. This painted the wrong impression that the products from Colgate Company were harmful to the health of the consumers as it used mainly synthetic chemical products. With the development of health concerns regarding Cancer and other lethal ailments in the world which are associated with chemical products, this posed a huge threat to the existence of Colgate Company. The company had to devise a mechanism quickly to deal with this threa t. To deal with the threat of the introduction of purportedly herbal and natural products in the oral health industry, Colgate Company came up with an ingenious idea. It made full use of its brand name popularity and introduced its own herbal products. It also introduced a whole range of contemporary and competitive products which cushioned off the external threats. The Company introduced such products as Colgate Triple action, Colgate Whitening among others. These were geared towards luring consumers to concentrate on certain effects in particular rather than the whole oral health in one package. Colgate whitening for instance was geared towards giving the consumers extra white teeth and whoever went for it would be guaranteed getting their teeth whiter than ever before. Tis gave the products of the firm a different dimension. They became less of just general oral products but more of products that are bought to fix certain specific oral concerns. With this strategy, the firm was a ble to beat hands down the threats that were posed by

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Research Proposal - Essay Example In the world of medical practice and health care, there are many complex issues than ordinarily meet the eye. The provision of care facilities involves issues to patient and subsequently to the relatives is very important. A very important tool for making sure that this has happened is the correct use of counseling. These are integral to both the well-being of both the patient and the health care provider. This paper shall endeavor to dwell upon certain areas of influence in the same realm, and help institute certain working parameters for professionals. Centuries ago, while the science of medical care was in its technical evolution stage, the prime area of reference was only the administration of health care. However, in today’s world, where the scientific world has come of age in its standing vis-Ã  -vis disease care and prevention, subsidiary issues have emerged that are considered to be of prime importance in the domain of health care. The changes in society and life all around the world have brought about considerable changes in the lifestyles of humanity. Similarly, the profession of health care has seen its development through the ages, and many additional factors like counseling concerns need to be understood better. Ethical science has always found it difficult to decide, about the extent of the information being provided to the patient. Essentially, if one would put oneself in he shoes of the patient, then one would like to receive every bit of information that is related to the medical condition. However, when one looks at the issue from the perspective of the clinician, then the need can be appreciated of withholding some information from the client, for the latter’s benefit. Where does the line of morality and ethics come here, and from where the jurisdiction of science starts, is the focus of this research. There are and always have been two

Resistors in series and parallel Essay Example for Free

Resistors in series and parallel Essay Resistors are used in various real life applications to perform tasks that involve: limiting the current that goes through a section of a circuit, introducing a voltage drop in a circuit, generating heat and the protection of components of a circuit. It is important to calculate the resistance of resistors so that the electrical circuits produced using them will perform in the manner that their manufacturer wanted them to. If the wrong resistance/resistor is used then delicate components that need only a relatively small amount of current may be destroyed. All resistors have a level of tolerance. This is to allow for imperfections in the manufactured object. It was determined through experimentation that all of the resistors that were used in this experiment were within their tolerance range with the exception of R4 (See Table 1). This resistor had a nominal value of 1600 ohms and a tolerance of +/-5%. This means that this resistor should have had a value within the range of 1520-1680 ohms, however  the actual resistance was found to be 1798 ohms. It is possible that this may have been due to a manufacturing fault or a labelling error. The total predicted resistance was determined by using the series and parallel resistor laws and the resistance values of the various components of the circuit. The tolerance range for the circuit was predicted to be between 1847.3-2319.2 ohms. Through experimentation the actual total resistance for the circuit was 2216.62 ohms, this value was within the predicted range. The actual resistance value of component 1 was 263.26 ohms; this was within the predicted range (271.36-245.51 ohms). The actual resistance value of component 2 was 1764.26 ohms; this was within the predicted range (1664.24-1846.36 ohms). The actual resistance value of component 3 was 2216.62 ohms; this was within the predicted range (2319.20 and 1847.3 ohms). The actual resistance of the resistors was found by using a multimeter. Some systematic error may have occurred in this experiment if the multimeter was not calibrated correctly during testing. Temperature fluctuations may have caused inconsistencies in this experiment. The reason why resistance occurs is that a metal consists of lattice of atoms that each has a shell of electrons. The metal is a conductor because the electrons are free to dissociate from their parent atoms and travel through the lattice. When a voltage is applied the electrons drift from one side of the metal to the other. In real material imperfections scatter the electrons resulting in resistance. Temperature is able to affect resistance because temperature causes the atoms to vibrate more strongly creating even more collisions and further increasing the resistance. Conclusion: The aim of the experiment was to compare the predicted and actual resistance in the circuit of resistor combinations in series and parallel. The results of this experiment found that the series and parallel resistor laws were reasonably good indicators of the real world values of resistance for circuits that contained resistors in series and parallel. One example of this was that the total resistance of the circuit made was found to be 2216.62 ohms which was within the predicted range (this predicted range was calculated by using the upper and lower tolerance values for the resistors used in the circuit. From the data obtained it can therefore be seen that all three resistor laws stated in the Background section of this report are quite useful in calculating theoretical values for the resistance of circuits in series and parallel that are close to the real world values. Bibliography: resistor. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2005. Available: http://www.answers.com/topic/resistor-1 24 Jul. 2005. resistor. WordNet 1.7.1. Princeton University, 2001. Available: http://www.answers.com/topic/resistor-1 24 Jul. 2005. resistor. Electronics. Twysted Pair, 2001. Available: http://www.answers.com/topic/resistor-1. 24 Jul. 2005. Storen, A and Martine, R. (2000) Nelson Physics VCE Units 3 and 4. Nelson Publishing: Sydney. (pp 221-226)

Scientific Murder Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Scientific Murder: Human Experimentation in Nazi Germany The Nazi's were infamous for their cruel and unusual experiments on humans. Although they played a small part of Nazi Germany's attempt at racial hygiene, these experiments desecrated and exterminated thousands of humans (Lifton 269). "The Nazi medical experiments of the 1930's and 1940's are the most famous example of recent disregard for ethical conduct " (Polit & Hungler 127). For the sake of science, thousands lost their lives "I have no words. I thought we were human beings. We were living creatures. How could they do things like that?" (Auschwitz survivor as quoted in Lifton 269). Was it really science, or was it murder? After the Nazi's seized power in 1933, patients no longer had protection by law from German scientists. These scientists could use any method of "research or treatment". "Terrible experiments carried out in the concentration camps were symptomatic of this amoral attitude of the German scientific community" (Friedlander 131). Prior to 1933, scientists promoted radical measures in the study of racial science. "Prominent eugenicists-anthropologists, geneticists, psychiatrists-influenced both Nazi ideologues and a generation of scientists and physicians" (Friedlander 123). Literature from these scientists influenced Adolf Hitler and many scientists during the Nazi period (Friedlander 123). Science in Germany quickly adjusted to the ideas of race and eugenics. "The enthusiastic participation of the scientific and medical establishment in the sterilization program was an indication of the fact that its ideology meshed with that of the Nazi movement' (Friedlander 125). The concept of racial hygiene was the foundation of Germany's eugenic and racial policy. State hospital directors and scientists founded institutes and departments for researching heredity. In order for scientist to move up in rank, they were coerced to comply with racial hygiene as prescribed by the regime. "Loyalty to ideology determined access to research grants and job opportunities" (Friedlander 126). Euthanasia became a solution to the problem of the slow process of mass sterilization. German scientists were eager to benefit ... ...wledge in science and medicine" (Caplan 65). The German anthropological and psychiatric scientists trapped themselves with their own mythological beliefs. "Every science at its beginning builds on its own mythological foundations. As it progresses, those parts which can no longer be integrated into the whole are dropped" (Muller-Hill 101). The scientists of the Third Reich proved to be malicious and destructive and "in the last analysis, stupid" (Muller-Hill 101). German scientists proved themselves to be traitors to science as they spilled the blood of innocent victims to consecrate their myth (Muller-Hill 101). Bibliography Caplan, Arthur L. When Medicine Went Mad. Totowa: Humana Press, 1992. Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genicide From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. Lifton, Robert J. The Nazi Doctors. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1986. Polit, Denise F., and Bernadette P. Hungler. Essentials of Nursing Research. Philadelphia: New York: Lippencott-Raven, 1997. Muller-Hill, Benno. Murderous Science. Oxford: New York: Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Cognitive Approach Essay

Abstract: There are pros and cons to everything in life. Because I just started my education program, I was interested in researching the positive and negatives effects of an inclusion classroom. I wondered, what exactly were the positive effects this type of setting had on its special education population? I have always felt, in my opinion, that inclusion classrooms are helpful in numerous ways, but now it was time to see if research agreed. History and Background: In the past special education students were separated from general education students. â€Å"At the federal level, the recent No Child Left Behind Act (2001) and the current and previous versions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997, 2004) require access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities† (Berry, 2006, p.490). Methodology: An inclusion classroom, also known as a CTT or Collaborative Team Teaching classroom, is a classroom that has both a general education population, as well as special education population, combined together. This special education population consists of children with mild to moderate disabilities, including physical, emotional, and learning. According to Berry (2006) â€Å"inclusion may be defined as 100% placement in age-appropriate general education or as a range of learning opportunities both within and outside the general education classroom† (p.490). A teacher can evaluate different perceptions based on how the students communicate with each other. Results: Berry (2006) found that students with disabilities often have difficulty not only academically, but socially. Placing these students in an inclusion classroom, as opposed to the smaller setting of years ago, helps students to benefit enormously. Depriving disabled children from participating in an inclusive classroom setting, â€Å"may underestimate the extent to which these students might benefit from social interactions and, at the most, deprive them of critical opportunities for learning and participation that can lead to autonomy and empowerment in classroom interactions† (Berry, 2006, p.492). Discussion: Inclusion classrooms have two teachers, one that specialized in special education, while the other focuses on general education. While the classroom functions as any other classroom would, incorporating whole, group, and individualized instruction, the smaller classroom setting and extra adults in the room to be quite helpful in helping those students who were struggling. The teachers make sure to use varied teaching techniques  and made sure to accommodate many different learning styles in their lessons. Howard Gardner, an educational theorist, believed in the idea of â€Å"multiple intelligences.† Gardner believed every child learned differently. According to Berry (2006) it is important for the teachers to learn how their students learn best in order for them to achieve their fullest potential. The teacher also observes how students interact with one another. Bias/Limitations: It has said that inclusion classrooms can hold back a general education student from progressing at a steady pace; when students were paired with other struggling students. I also found the combination of students of all different academic levels to play a positive role. While the â€Å"higher† student helped the â€Å"weaker† student academically, both learned social skills. Conclusion: Berry also discusses how language is a useful tool in an inclusion classroom. Berry discusses how reciprocal teaching is often used in these types of classrooms. Reciprocal teaching is a strategy in which the teacher uses â€Å"talk† to make her ideas clear. This â€Å"talk† is often focused around comprehension skills such as predicting, questioning, summarizing and clarifying (Berry, 2006). Why article was selected: The education system has come a long way since before the No Child Left Behind Act. In the past, any child with â€Å"special needs† was placed on the fourth floor of the building, out of sight. When the general education students saw any of the children with special needs, it was only at lunch, and they were easily identified because they were kept in small groups away from the other children. Today, inclusion has made it possible for many of children to interact and learn in the same environment as their peers. They are being treated as equals, rather than being hidden away in a corner. Reference: Berry, R. (2006). Inclusion, power and community: Teachers and students interpret the language of community in an inclusion classroom. American Educational Research Journal 43(3).

Mobile Learning mGBL - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4203 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Telecommunication Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Mobile Game-Based Learning (mGBL) Development Methodology 1.0Introduction There is increasing interest in the use of ICT and educational technology to promote learning formally or informally. Such technologies are educational software in CD, web-based or online learning, e-learning, Computer-Based Training (CBT), and most recently mobile learning (m-learning). M-learning can be described as a learning technique that happens across locations or that takes advantage of learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies such as mobile phones, smart phones, PDAs and handheld devices. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mobile Learning mGBL" essay for you Create order Many research findings show the potential and effective use of mobile technologies for learning purpose (Naismith et al., 2006; Pachler, 2007) with using variety of learning systems as listed in Table 1. Table 1: Example of Mobile Learning Systems Application Types Project Names Authors SMS text message BBC Bitesize Programme Mobile Learning Language System Learning System (Blackboard) BBC Bitesize (2003) Thornton and Houser (2004) Vassell et al. (2006) Mobile Game mGBL project Mathematic Video Game- Skills Area Virus MIT Game-To-Teach Mitchell et al. (2006) Lee et al. (2004) Collella (2000) Klopfer and Squire (2002) Mobile Application Classroom Response System -Educue Ambient Wood Butterfly Watching System Interactive Audio-Visual tour Dufresne at al. (1996) Rogers at al (2002) Chen at al. (2004) Proctor and Burton (2003) Although there are many application types in mobile learning, this research is focusing on the mobile game as a scope of study. Mobile game-based learning (mGBL) is a game specifically for learning which is also played on a mobile phone, smart phone, PDA or handheld devices. The purpose of mGBL is by using game play to enhance motivation in order to learn, engage education, or to enhance effectiveness of learning content transfer or other specific learning outcome. In a general term, mGBL can be categorized as a serious game (Sawyer and Smith, 2008). The research on serious game increases dramatically world wide (Corti, 2006) and this is due the fact that the growing usage and popularity of exploiting game to support learning (Sawyer, 2008). Figure 1 shows that the GBL is the most popular terms searched via Google amongst other game-based concept. Figure 1: Popularity on Game-Based Concept (based on Sawyer, 2008) To fully utilize the potential of mGBL, we must look beyon d the practice uses of the mGBL. The most important part is the design and methodology to develop mGBL. Developing a good game is very important because to make sure the player is motivated enough to keep playing the game until the game goal has been achieved (Kramer, 2000; Rollings and Morris, 2004) and similarly to mGBL by adding learning module as stated by Prensky (2001), Becker (2006), and Gee (2003). In order to take advantage of those aspects of â€Å"good† games for learning, the design and development of mGBL must be studied. 2.0Research Motivations The ownership of mobile phone exponentially increasing all around the world. For example in Malaysia the subscriptions of mobile phone are growing rapidly with a high penetration rate (MCMC, 2007). This is due to the fact that mobile technology is naturally portable, flexible to anywhere, possible to connect us to variety of information sources and enable communication everywhere (Smith et. al, 1999; Naismith et al. , 2006). With such huge potential, there is possibility of using mobile for learning because it combines the wireless connectivity and educational contents (text, multimedia, application) delivered according to learners location, requirements and skills (Salz, 2006). One of the educational content is mGBL because it can be exploited to be an interesting mobile content. Most of students like playing games. Looking at this prospective market for game, mGBL is worth to be one of the mobile learning content. In addition, there are a lot of advantages of using games for learning. Cisic et al. (2007) discuss the advantages of games which can promote learning by motivation, play environment, and role playing. Therefore mGBL suppose to be developed in an appropriate way which can further achieve the learning objective for mobile learning. Other aspect of motivating for this research is the proposed Malaysian government initiative. Norshuhada and Syamsul Bahrin (2008) have discussed about the Malaysian government initiative which has introduced the Malaysian MyICMS 886 to promote local content development: â€Å"MyICMS 886 dictates a number of strategies for the growth of local content and these are promoting awareness, building competencies in higher education and forming strategic alliances. The goals are to encourage local creativity, address new content demands and also export content. In achieving these goals, the Malaysian government together with a number of key industry players have provided many funding incentives specifically for local content production.† The Malaysian government initiative is mainly purpose to encourage local company to create and develop local-based content with their creativity for marketing both locally and internationally. 3.0Research Problem Embedding learning content to mobile games can be complicated because mobile games differ from the application software, particularly designing educational game. In orde r to develop mGBL, it is crucial for developer to refer at the comprehensive design and development methodology. The development of mGBL can be a combination of two models; game development method and instructional design (ID) model. Most of ID models contain valuable insights and guidelines for development of instruction. Each addresses various problems effectively and it would be foolish to ignore them in an attempt to create any learning based technology (Becker, 2006). In addition, Moser (2000) stated that ID model can and should be incorporated into new setting (in different media) for designing object learning and the ability of the method to provide the necessary element of learning. Various game design models and development methods have been proposed and are made available in different genre of games, with each having their own requirements. Similarly to ID models offer different components which cater to which context one applies (Gustfason and Branch, 1997; Moser, 2 000). Although game development has a history of implementation in ID (Garris et al. (2002), literature still lack available of comprehensive methods specifically for developing mGBL applications. Most of the methods are guidelines or general approaches for developing mobile game (Dholkawala, 2007; IGDA, 2005). Other concerning aspect to develop mGBL is the restrictions on design in mobile environment such as screen design, interaction, and software/hardware dependent (Lee, 2005). The guideline on how to align with these restrictions should also be included in the development method, so that the developer will put into consideration when they apply it into the real development. 4.0Research Objectives In attempting to cater this problem, the following research objectives are devised. The main research objective is to propose a methodology for developing mobile game-based learning (mGBL). In accomplishing the main objective, the following sub-objectives are also formed: To investigate the key issues of: developing mobile game for learning embedding ID model in developing mGBL. To explore and identify the main components of methodology for developing mGBL. To develop the methodology for development of mGBL. To test the proposed methodology by developing a prototype. To evaluate the proposed methodology in term of development efficiency 5.0Research Questions In achieving the objectives, four main questions bring up: What are the key issues of developing mobile game-based learning? What are the components of design model for developing mobile casual game for learning (mGBL)? What are the flows and cycles of the mGBL development methodology? How to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed methodology? 6.0Research Methodology A prominent design science research methodology (Vaishnavi and Kuechler, 2007) will be adopted for accomplishing the research objective because the expected main output for this research is a methodology. The methodology is divided into five phases; Awareness of Problem, Suggestions Development, Evaluation, and Conclusion. Figure 2 illustrates the activities will be conducted in this study. Activities Phases 1.1 Literature study, web browsing information reuse Research Methodology 1 Awareness of Problem 2 Suggestion 3 Development 4 Evaluation 5 Conclusion 1.3 Initial study on the usage of mobile game among students 1.4 Survey study on mGame Development Methodology among mGame developers Outcomes 2.1 Study on the flow and cycle of the mGBL development Research problems Key issues of mGBL development Components of mGBL methodology 1.2 Comparative study on current mGBL methodologies/ models 3.1 Develop t he proposed mGBL methodology 4.1 Test the proposed methodology by developing a prototype 5.1 Report writing and research publication 4.2 Evaluate the proposed methodology in term of development efficiency Proposed mGBL methodology mGBL Prototype Evaluation Result Publications 2.2 Combine the mGBL development components Obj 1 Obj 2 Obj 3 Obj 4 Obj 5 Figure 2: Research methodology adopted from Vaishnavi Kuechler (2007) 7.0Comparative Study on the GBL Design and Development Models This study is conducted in order to compare and explore the available design and development methods proposed by several researchers. The collected models can be analyzed into two: (1) General Game-based Learning Models and (2) Mobile Game Design Models and Methodologies. The general GBL models as following: Amory and Seagram (2003) Game Object Model (GOM), Game Achievement Model (GAM); and Persona Outlining Model (POM). Amory (2007) Game Object Model II Garris et al. (2002) Input-Process-Outcome Game Model Kiili (2005) Kiilis Model Norma (2005) Engaging Multimedia Design Model Watson (2007) Games for Activating Thematic Engagement (GATE) Tan et al. (2007) Adaptive Digital Game-based Learning Framework Noor Azli et al. (2008) Framework for Designing GBL for Children Nor Azan Wong (2008) -GBL Model for history courseware design The mobile game development models and methodologies as listed below: Mitchell et al. (2006) mGBL model Paras Bizzocchi (2005) -Integrated Model for Educational Game Design Dholkawala (2005) Best Practice for Mobile Game Development McGuire (2006) Scrum Methodology Dynamic Ventures (2007) -Game Development Methodology Edwards Coulton (2006) Design-Protect-Build-Test-Market-Sell Novak (2004, 2007) Game Development Process Janousek (2007) Game Life Cycle The separation between the above two analyzed categories is based on the differences on the design model and development methodologies. As stated by Vaishnavi and Kuechler (2007), design model is a set of propositions which express the relationship between components or concept. On the other hand, development methodology is a set of steps or guidelines used to perform a task. Table 2 and 3 illustrate a summary of the comparative study on the design or development models and methodologies for game-based learning (GBL), mobile game (mGame), and mobile game-based learning (mGBL). The analysis is based on descriptions, advantages, and disadvantages of the models. Table 2: A summary of GBL models No. Name Author/ Proposed by Description Disadvantages 1. GOM (Game Object Model) Amory Seagram (2003) GOM is a design model and also an evaluation model GOM relates game elements to the promotion of educational objectives 2. GAM (Game Achievement Model) Amory Seagram (2003) GAM is a design and evaluation model GAM is part of GOM The GAM works on the principle of linking educational and in-game objectives in order to create a continuous experience and maintain interest in the game. This forms the outline of the game and the basic story. 3. POM (Persona Outlining Model) Amory Seagram (2003) POM is a design and evaluation model POM uses expected player interaction to build a persona concept to better define the best design POM works under the concept of four fundamental questions. Who will be exploiting the system? What will they be doing? How will they do it? With what technology will the system be developed? 4. GOM Version II Amory (2007) GOM II is an extended model of GOM The most significant addition caused by this model the addition of the Social Space This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. GOM has a tendency to focus too much on mechanical aspects GOM covers so many things it will become necessary to create a complicated evaluation system to match it. Although it claims to be a model that integrates education theory and game design, it does so at an abstract level by placing a requirement for learning objectives as part of the model. There are no actual examples and there is no data. This model doesnt really do much to address how to implement learning objectives, which to my mind is at the core of all instructional design. These model generally applicable for educational software. 5. Input-Process-Outcome Game Model Garris et al. (2002) This is a design model. The model adopts the input-process-output framework, and provides a game cycle that is triggered by specific game features. The objective of this model is to incorporate instructional and certain features of games at first level which then trigger a cycle that includes user judgments or reactions such as enjoyment or interest, user behaviors such as greater persistence or time on task, and further system feedback. Finally, this engagement in game play leads to the achievement of training objectives and specific learning outcomes. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. The model focuses on the game play and game cycle. 6. Kiilis Model Kiili (2005) This is a design model. The model works to related already existent game theory with already existent educational theory in order to create a functional model based off of already well accepted concepts. Foremost important in the Killi Model is the concept of Flow Theory found in game design. Kiliis model can best be viewed as one large problem linked by a series of smaller problems. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. Kiliis model focuses only on behavioral aspects 7. Engaging Multimedia Design Model Norma (2005) This is a design model. This model focuses on the engagement level of a learner. The concept of this model can be adapted into designing an educational game. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. This model is a general model for multimedia design specifically for children. 8. GATE (Games for Activating Thematic Engagement) theory Watson (2007) This is a design model. GATE theory is a theory of educational game design driven around the principles of engaging the learner in a topic in order to encourage further exploration. The underlying premise behind GATE is to make the player autonomous and self-motivated. The model heavily based upon the works of Bruner This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. The GATE model is too abstract. The GATE model is still too new for there to be a body of evidence that either supports or refutes its value. 9. Adaptive Digital Game-based Learning Framework Tan et al. (2007) The model focuses on both of the design and learners aspects. In learners aspect, it consists of psychological needs, cognitive development, and learning behavior. In design elements, it consists of multimodal, task, and feedback. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. This model is still new and needs several studies to support on it effectiveness. 10. Framework for Designing GBL for Children Noor Azli et al. (2008) A design model which is modified from Kiilis Model Emphasize cognitive presence by stressing the importance of reflective observation and knowledge construction The model specifically to Pre-school domain. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. This model is still new and needs several studies to support on it effectiveness. 11. GBL Model for history courseware design Nor Azan Wong (2008) A design model The model focuses on components of history courseware design for Secondary school- upper level. The model consists of 2 components; pedagogy and digital games components. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. This model is also still new and needs several studies to support on it effectiveness. Table 3: A summary of mGame and mGBL design models and methodologies 1. mGBL Model Mitchell et al. (2006) The mGBL models will be iteratively developed within a social-constructivist framework, using experiential learning and situated learning theories that see learning as a social activity constructed in interactions with others. This approach suits learning models delivered via mobile phones. Importantly, they will also support creative decision-making, encouraging players to consider decisions from different perspectives with a focus on mission, defining significant results and doing rigorous assessment. The mGBL model has been applied to these domain: e-health, e-commerce, career guidance, and m-government Although this model is the most relevant to mGBL, but it focuses on the design part. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. 2. Integrated Model for Educational Game Design Paras Bizzocchi (2005) This model reconciles flow, learning, and motivation within an immersive game experience. The model shows that games foster play, which produces a state of flow, which then increases motivation, and lastly supports the learning process. This is only a design model which is not providing the development methodology. 3. Best Practice for Mobile Game Development Dholkawala (2005) This methodology suggests steps in developing mobile game in general from developing game concept until the trimming process. These guidelines are general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 4. Scrum Methodology McGuire (2006) The methodology is based on Agile Methodology. The iterative process is a main concern for this methodology. It focuses on the tasks given to each individual of the development team. This methodology also for general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 5. Game Development Methodology Dynamic Ventures, Inc. (2007) The methodology provides guideline to develop general mobile game It focuses on the feedback and input from the client, stakeholders and developers. The methodology is an iterative process. This methodology also for general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 6. Design-Protect-Build-Test-Market-Sell Edwards Coulton (2006) This methodology extends the Design-Build-Test philosophy. The added processes are protecting IP, marketing and selling games. The methodology is also an iterative process. This methodology also for general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 7. Game Development Process Novak (2004, 2007) The development process similar to multimedia development phases. The main focus of the methodology is the design documents such as game proposal, game design document, technical design document and test plan. This methodology also for general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 8. Game Life Cycle Janousek, (2007) The methodology is based on the game life cycle. It is specifically for developing game using Flash technology. This methodology also for general use for developing mobile game which not includes the ID model. 7.0Tasks have been conducted This section indicates the tasks have been conducted during the period. 7.1Literature Study, Web Browsing and Information Reuse The process began with identifying the key issues of developing mGBL. A few articles were found based on design models and development methodology for GBL. A comparative study on various design models was conducted by reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Parts of the results are shown in Table 2 and 3. 7.2Initial Study on the Usage of Mobile Game among Students The initial study on the usage of mobile game has been conducted since July 2008. The main objective of the initial study is to among students at secondary schools. The target respondents were -Data have been collected, in the process of analyzing. -among secondary school students (13-17 years of age) -Collected randomly in Kedah, Perak and Seremban, with 678 respondents. 7.3Survey Study on the current practice of Mobile Game Deve lopment Methodology among Mobile Game Developers -Still in waiting for data which will end at 30th September 2008. -Conducted for 170 companies around the world. The list is randomly selected from the web and game developer forum or web blog References Amory (2007) Game object model version II: a theoretical framework for educational game development. Journal of Educational Technology Research and Development. Vol 55 no. 1. Sringer Boston. Amory, A. and R. Seagram. (2003). Educational game models: conceptualization and evaluation. South African Journal of Higher Education 17(2), 206 217 BBC Bitesize. (2003). GCSE Bitesize programme for schools. https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/games/ Becker, K. (2006). Pedagogy in Commercial Video Games. In D. Gibson, C. Aldrich M. Prensky (Eds.), Games and Simulations in Online Learning: Research and Development Frameworks: Idea Group Inc. Chen, Y.S., Kao, T.C., Yu, G.J., Sheu, J.P. (2004). A mobile butterfly-wa tching learning system. for supporting independent learning. In Proceedings of the The 2nd International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education. Taiwan. IEEE Computer Society. Cisic, D. Tijan, E. Kurek, A. (2007). Mobile Game Based Learning Taxonomy and Student Experience. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference Information Technology Interfaces, ITI 2007. Collella, V. (2000). Participatory simulations: building collaborative understanding through immersive dynamic modeling. Journal of the Learning Scinces. 9(4): 471-500. Corti, K. (2006). Games-based Learning; a serious business application. PIXELearning Limited. Dholkawala, M. (2007). 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